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<p>$$利用率=\frac{忙碌的时间}{总时间}$$</p>
<p>Eg:某计算机只支持单道程序，某个作业刚开始需要在CPU上运行5秒，再用打印机打印输出5秒，之后再执行5秒，才能结束。在此过程中CPU利用率、打印机利用率分别是多少?</p>
<p>$$CPU利用率=\frac{5+5}{5+5+5}=66.67%$$</p>
<p>$$打印机利用率=\frac{5}{5+5+5}=33.33%$$</p>
<h3 id="系统吞吐量"><a href="#系统吞吐量" class="headerlink" title="系统吞吐量"></a>系统吞吐量</h3><p>单位时间内完成作业的数量，对于计算机而言，肯定更希望用尽可能少的时间处理完尽可能多的作业，即系统吞吐量越大越好</p>
<p>$$系统吞吐量=\frac{总共完成的作业数目}{总共花费的时间总数}(单位：道/秒)$$</p>
<h3 id="周转时间"><a href="#周转时间" class="headerlink" title="周转时间"></a>周转时间</h3><p>指从作业被提交给系统开始，到作业完成为止的这段时间间隔。由四部分组成：</p>
<ul>
<li>高级调度时间：作业在外存后被队列上等待的时间(在一个作业处理过程中，只会发生一次)</li>
<li>低级调度时间(就绪态)：进程在就绪队列上等待进程调度的时间。即进程处于就绪态的情况</li>
<li>运行态：进程在CPU上执行的时间</li>
<li>阻塞态：进程等待I/O设备操作完成的时间</li>
</ul>
<p>(后三种时间在一个作业的整个处理过程种可能发生多次)</p>
<p>$$单个作业周转时间=作业完成时间-作业提交时间$$<br>$$平均周转时间=\frac{各作业周转时间之和}{作业数}$$</p>
<h4 id="带权周转时间"><a href="#带权周转时间" class="headerlink" title="带权周转时间"></a>带权周转时间</h4><p>$$带权周转时间=\frac{作业周转时间}{作业实际运行时间}=\frac{作业完成时间-作业提交时间}{作业实际运行的时间}$$</p>
<p>由上述公式易知带权周转时间必然大于1，带权周转时间与周转时间都是越小越好 </p>
<p>对于<strong>周转时间相同</strong>的两个作业，实际运行时间长的作业在相同时间内被服务的时间更多，带权周转时间更小，用户满意度更高。</p>
<p>对于<strong>实际运行时间相同</strong>的两个作业，周转时间短的带权周转时间更小，用户满意度更高。</p>
<h3 id="等待时间"><a href="#等待时间" class="headerlink" title="等待时间"></a>等待时间</h3><p>指进程/作业处于等待处理机状态的时间之和，等待时间越长，用户满意度越低</p>
<p>对于<strong>进程</strong>来说，等待时间就是指进程建立后<strong>等待被服务的时间之和</strong>，在<strong>等待I/0完成的期间其实进程也是在被服务的，所以不计入等待时间</strong>。</p>
<p>对于<strong>作业</strong>来说，不仅要考虑<strong>建立进程后</strong>的等待时间，还要加上<strong>作业在外存后备队列</strong>中等待的时间。</p>
<p>一个作业总共需要被CPU服务多久，被I/O设备服务多久一般是确定不变的，因此调度算法影响的一般只是任务/进程的等待时间</p>
<h3 id="响应事件"><a href="#响应事件" class="headerlink" title="响应事件"></a>响应事件</h3><p>指从用户提交请求到首次产生响应所用的时间</p>
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